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1995-04-04
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As far back as 1964, NASA realized the benefits of a reusable space transportation
vehicle. Research began with lifting body aircraft, which flew without wings. By the early
1970s, development of the Space Shuttle was well underway. However, the shuttle would
not lift off from the launch pad until 1981, and after dozens of design changes and budget
compromises.
Construction of the first M2-F1 lifting body aircraft was authorized in September, 1962.
The steel and plywood M2-F1 was built and flight tested by personnel of the NASA Flight
Research Center in a semi-covert program, since they did not believe that NASA
Headquarters would support the effort.
By 1963, flight tests began with the M2-F1 being towed behind various ground cars and
aircraft. Piloted free flights soon followed, and the lifting body demonstrated the ability to
glide and maneuver without wings. Landings were also carried out perfectly. Both
scientific and public enthusiasm for the program encouraged NASA Headquarters to
endorse the program.
Building on the NASA/Air Force experience with the X-15 program, work began on
powered versions of lifting body aircraft. Concurrently with the M2 program, the HL-10
lifting body began flying in 1966. This aircraft demonstrated good supersonic flying
characteristics, as well as low-speed maneuverability.
Eventually, as a final development of the lifting body designs, the X-24B was built and
tested from 1972 to 1973. This sleek delta-shaped aircraft was built not just to test the
vehicle design itself, but to train possible future shuttle pilots, such as Captain Dick
Scobee. By the end of the X-24B program, development for the Space Transportation
System had begun, and the experimental lifting body programs were no longer needed.
In 1976, the first prototype space shuttle orbiter, the Enterprise, rolled out from the Air
Force assembly plant in Palmdale, California. The shuttle was towed by trailer to nearby
Edwards Air Force Base to be carried on the back of a 747 aircraft for flight testing. The
orbiter tested perfectly, and proved the ability of the vehicle to maneuver and land without
any problems. However, it would be almost five years before the system would launch
into space.